In aeronautics Wing are airfoils attached to each side of the fuselage, So the design of the wing depends on many facts like lift to weight ratio, rate of climb, size, weight and which aircraft it is used,
Fuselage is a body of an aircraft to which the wings, tail and Landing Gear units are attached. Design and size of the fuselage varies according to the function to the aircraft. The word fuselage comes from a French word “fusele” means “splindle-shape”
Landing gear is an undercarriage part of the flight landing system. Aircraft landing gear has wheels equipped with shock absorbers on light planes and Hydraulic or pneumatic oleo struts on larger aircraft.
Salient Features Of Scramjet Engine And Its Applications For Hypersonic Vehicles
Advantage
Disadvantage
Scramjet Engine
Salient Features
of Liquid Propellant Rockets:
A liquid propellant propulsion system is commonly called rocket engines. It has all the hardware components and propellants necessary for its operations for producing thrust.
Consists of one or more thrust chambers, one or more tanks to store propellants, a feed mechanism to force the propellants from the tanks into the thrust chamber, power source to furnish the energy for the feed mechanism, suitable plumbing or piping or piping to transfer the liquids,
Has a structure to transmit the thrust force, and control devices to initiate and regulate the propellant flow and thus the thrust.
In some application an engine may also include a thrust vector control system, various instrumentation and residual propellant (trapped in pipes, valves, or wetting tanks).
It does not include hardware for non-propulsive purpose, such as aerodynamic surface, guidance, or navigation equipment, or useful payload such as scientific space exploration package or missile warhead.
Ramjet Engines is a type of Combustion Engine, comes under the category of Air breathing engine. It is the simplest of all the air breathing engines. It consists of a Diffuser, Combustion chamber and a Nozzle, and ramjets do not need any moving parts such as compressors and consequently no turbine as well.
Major Assemble of Ramjet Engines
Ramjet Engines mechanism are less complicated jet engine for producing thrust in flying vehicle.
Ramjet Engines are most efficient when operated at supersonic speeds.
All the compression is occurs in the intake diffuser section producing rise in the static pressure.
When the air decelerated from a high mach number to a low subsonic mach number, it results in substantial increase in pressure and temperature so the ramjet does not need Compressor and Turbine.
Working
Ramjet produces power by increasing the momentum of the moving fluid by induction of energy by combustion of fuel, so the momentum of the exhaust jet greater and exceed that of the incoming air on continuous cycle.
Where the Fuel is burned the high pressure air and the mixture is then expanded to ambient static pressure through a Nozzle System.
High pressure gas expanded through the Nozzle by converting the low subsonic flow in the combustion chamber into a supersonic jet.
The combine mixture of air and fuel (supersonic jet) exhausted through the C-D Nozzle.
Ramjet Engines is a type of Combustion Engine, comes under the category of Air breathing engine. It is the simplest of all the air breathing engines. It consists of a Diffuser, Combustion chamber and a Nozzle, and ramjets do not need any moving parts such as compressors and consequently no turbine as well.
Major Assemble of Ramjet Engines
Ramjet Engines mechanism are less complicated jet engine for producing thrust in flying vehicle.
Ramjet Engines are most efficient when operated at supersonic speeds.
All the compression is occurs in the intake diffuser section producing rise in the static pressure.
When the air decelerated from a high mach number to a low subsonic mach number, it results in substantial increase in pressure and temperature so the ramjet does not need Compressor and Turbine.
Working
Ramjet produces power by increasing the momentum of the moving fluid by induction of energy by combustion of fuel, so the momentum of the exhaust jet greater and exceed that of the incoming air on continuous cycle.
Where the Fuel is burned the high pressure air and the mixture is then expanded to ambient static pressure through a Nozzle System.
High pressure gas expanded through the Nozzle by converting the low subsonic flow in the combustion chamber into a supersonic jet.
The combine mixture of air and fuel (supersonic jet) exhausted through the C-D Nozzle.
Different
Types of flow in Aerodynamic
Aerodynamics is a part fluid dynamics which deals with the laws of the flow of air or other gases.
Types of flow in Aerodynamic
Compressible Flow: Compressible flow do undergo density changes, Gases are generally compressible.
Viscous Flow: The viscosity of a fluid is a measure of its resistance to gradual deformation by shearstress or tensile stress. Viscosity is due to the friction between neighboring particles in a fluid that are moving in different velocities.
Inviscid Flow: Is the flow of an ideal fluid that is assumed to have no viscosity.
Uniform Flow: It the flow velocity is the same magnitude and direction at every point.
Rotational Flow: If the angle between the two intersecting lines of the boundary of the fluid element changes while moving in the flow.
What
are components does Turboprop Engine have?
Turboprop is one among the type of Turbine Engine which is used to drive the propeller of the aircraft.
What are the Types of Jet Engines used in Aircraft?
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UAVs Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
After the Wright brothers worked so hard to put humans in the air by flying machines, now a day’s some aerospace engineers are working hard to take out of the flying machine. UAVs Unmanned Aerial Vehicles are the Airplanes that have no humans on board which are operated and flown remotely by pilots.
Israel is the first nation to use UAVs in the combat situation arguing that loss of relative inexpensive UAVs was better than the loss of a pilot and a multi-million dollar airplane.
UAVs are mainly used to carry sensors, target designated and electronic transmitters
Designed to destroy enemy’s target, UAVs are more effective fly at greater range and endurance.
Range – Is the maximum distance an aircraft can fly between takeoff and landing.
Endurance – Is the maximum length of time that an aircraft can spend in cruising flight (level flight).
Aircraft Powerplant Outer Structures
Aircraft powerplants produces the source of thrust to move the aircraft through the air, at the same time they are also the source of vibration, heat and drag forces. Powerplant Structures includes both the propeller and Engine work in combination to produce thrust. Engine provides the source of power to rotate the propeller. Propeller is mounted at the front of the engine converts the rotatory force into Thrust in the engine.
Nacelles encloses the engine provide the streamline flow (uniform flow) of air over the outer surface of the engine to improve the aerodynamics of the aircraft. Protect the engine and its components during flight. Allow the proper flow air to engine for cooling and combustion.
Firewalls are normally located near to the engine compartment. Engine, Auxiliary power units, combustion chamber and turbine produces tremendous amount of heat which affect other aircraft component and it functionality, to protect other aircraft component from this heat effect sections of the turbine engine must be isolated from the remainder of the aircraft by means of firewalls. Firewall is used to protect the nacelle strut and systems from the exposure.
Engine mount is frame structures that support the engine and connect it to the fuselage. Which are designed to distribute the weight of the engine and distribute torque and vibration generate from the engine.
Cowlings and Fairings both are similar, which are removable covering for covering the portions of the airplane (Engine, Mounts and other engine components). Design to provide uniform flow of air over the engine surface improve the aerodynamics of the aircraft.
Firewalls are normally located near to the engine compartment.Engine, Auxiliary power units, combustion chamber and turbine produces tremendous amount of heat which affect other aircraft component and it functionality, to protect other aircraft component from this heat effect sections of the turbine engine must be isolated from the remainder of the aircraft by means of firewalls. Firewall is used to protect the nacelle strut and systems from the exposure.
Firewall should design in such a manner that no hazardous quality of air, fluids, or flame can pass from the compartment to other portions of the aircraft.
To be easy access to repair and installation because they normally located in the engine compartment, later there may be need to remove and replace the engine or other components.
Material used should provide protection against both heat and corrosion, Base on which following materials been used
Engine mount is frame structures that support the engine and connect it to the fuselage. Which are designed to distribute the weight of the engine and distribute torque and vibration generated by the engine, Vibration that originated in the reciprocating engine are transmitted through the engine mount to the airplane structure for such mounts engine must be attached with some sort of rubber bushing between the engine and mount attachment to control these vibration.
Engine Mount should withstand waste heat released from the engine and ability to carry heavy engines at temperature of up to 500 ⁰ C base on the requirement three alloys types are used
Nickel-Based alloys: Can withstand high extreme temperature
Titanium alloys: half the weight of steel, used in the place where the light weight material is needed
Steel alloys: Use at the place where high strength needed at very low temperature.
Light Aircraft - Engine mounts made of welded-steel tubing or aluminium alloy sheet metal.
Turbine powered Aircraft - Engine mounts made of forged metal bolted to airframe.
Engine mounts vary widely in appearance and Construction, but basic features of construction are same. Each aircraft differs from other, heat released from the engine differs base on this criteria each new engine mount should also be unique and to be designed that engine and its accessories should be easy for inspection and maintenance.
Most aircraft which exactly from same manufacturer of the engine shall uses the same mount.
Protects the vibration and motion from the engine to be transmitted to aircraft structure, Fixing is based on the centre of gravity of the engine.
Shape: Ring-like
Bolt Point: Usually Four points
Conical mount are attached parallel to the firewalls, easy for installation simple and easy to fix to aircraft.
Bolt Point: Usually Four points
Drawbacks: Vibration and Torque are transmitted through the Frames
Bed mount are attached under the crankcase, which totally differs from the other type of mount (Conical mount and Dynafocal engine mount), Designed for perfect fitting of the engine avoid transmit vibration to the structure
Bolt Point: Usually Four points in modern aircraft
Vibration is more Danger to Aircraft leads to failure, Engine Mount Helps to avoid some sort of Vibration to be transmitted to Aircraft Structure.
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Introduction to Helicopter
The helicopter can do vertical flight (vertical take-off and landing) where rotor must efficiently supply thrust force to support to support helicopter weight.
Main rotor is mounted on a vertical mast
head over the top of the helicopter connected with a driven shaft and gear box (to
control the speed of the rotating blade).
Tail rotor is a small rotor mounted at
the tail of the helicopter, position and distance from the center of gravity of
helicopter to generate needed thrust in same direction with respect to the main
rotor rotates. Connected with the shaft powered from main transmission and has
gearbox.
Main use of the tail rotor is to counter the torque, In
simple words when the main rotor rotates in clockwise direction the helicopter fuselage
structure will rotate in anticlockwise direction if the tail rotor is not
mounted, So tail rotor is to counter the torque, and maintain the helicopter
fuselage structure stable according to the direction it moves or fly.
Single main rotor and tail rotor configuration combating
used to provide the torque balance (yaw control) to the helicopter.
Helicopters are used for both military and civil purpose:
Search and Rescue Operations
Anti-submarine activity
Air observation
Direct support of infantry, These Helicopters are provided
with armaments such as missiles machine guns etc.
Emergency rescue and medical aid purpose
Agricultural operations
Forest patrolling, forest fire extinguishing
Patrolling of highways, oil pipes lines, Electrical supply
lines
Commercial use
Ailerons - (ROLL) Control motion along longitudinal axis.
Elevator - (PITCH) Control rotational motion along lateral axis.
Rudder - (YAW) Control motion along Vertical axis.
Wing flaps - Used to increase the Lift and Drag increase while Take off.
Slats- Located on the leading edge of the wings. Creates enough lift at high Angle of attack.
Slots- Span wise gap present at each wing allowing air to flow between the wings, which creates lift thus reduces stall.
Trimtabs - Connect trailing edge to large Control Surface, Used to Stabilize the aircraft.
Balancetabs - Control loads on the control surface is significantly reduced, makes aircraft easy to fly.
Anti-Balancetabs - Maintain the stability in the desire position.
Servo tabs- Small Hinged device to assist the movement of the control surface.
Aircraft Wing Structure
The Wing, in aeronautics are airfoils attached to each side of the fuselage Wings is the primary lifting surface of the aircraft that support the aircraft in flight, The load acting on the aircraft structure are carried the wing structure. So the design of the wing depends on many facts like lift to weight ratio, rate of climb, size, weight and which aircraft it is used, thought its shape may be widely varied its function remains the same.
Basic features of Wing Constructions
The primary structural parts of the wing are spars, ribs, and stringers.
Sparsare also called as wing beams is a main member of the wing structure, it extends from the fuselage to the tip of the wing, all the forces and loads acting on wing are carried and balances by the spars. When the engine or landing gear are mounted on the wing , Spare incorporate structure attached to the components, as spars are designed to have greater bending stress.
Ribsare also called as plain ribs, it’s a chord wise member of the wing structure used to give wing structure it shape, It extends from the leading edge to the trailing edge of the wing It transmits air load from skin to the spars also stabilize the spare against twisting
Stringers are assist to hold shape of wing the span wise called stringers are used. They are attached to the skin usually found fare closed spaced on the upper wing surface, it is used on compression and stiffening of the compression skin to overcome the induced bending loads. But when the wing need of more stiffening where skin is reinforced by panels instead of individual stringers.
Based in this concept, Wing lift the aircraft on air and keeps flying.
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Types of Aircraft Fuselage
The basics of the Aircraft Fuselage was explained in the before posts (https://sabaeroline.blogspot.com/2020/07/aircraft-fuselage-structure.html), Fuselage types would clearly explain in the present post.
In general, fuselage is classified into three major types base on the method by which stress are transmitted to the structure.
There are three most common types of fuselage are:
Truss or Frame Type Fuselage
A truss is a light gauge steel tube assemblage of members forming a frame triangular shape which giver geometric structure to the fuselage. The Primary members of Truss are the four logerons, the longerons are longitudinal member of the fuselage. Lateral bracing are placed at intervals between the longerons. The lateral surface are called as Bulkheads, Space between two bulkheads are called as bays. Lateral and Longitudinal member are made strong stell wires which are design to withstand compression during load applied.
Truss Fuselage are sub-branched into
Monocoqne Structure
The word Monocoqne is French word which means “single shell”. In this type the fuselage skin carries all structural stress. The design involves constructing a tube or core which involves no internal structural members which looks like a empty Shell. These types of fuselage are formed by riveting preformed two half together. This Structure carry load effective when the diameter is small. Increasing of the structure diameter depends on the internal cavity.
Semi Monocoqne Structure
It is combination of Truss and Monocoqne type structure together. In Present days Aircraft become large Monocoqne structure not to strong enough. Weight to strength ration is ineffective. Longerons are run length across the monocoqne structure jointing the frame together. Now the Longerons and frame is attached the thin alloy skin shell by rivets and abrasive bonding.
Semi Monocoqne Structure type of fuselage is commonly used both military and commercial aircraft in Modern Days.
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How Does an Aircraft Fly’s? This question everyone ask when seeing an aircraft (Airplane) flying in Sky. Concept is there are ...
